Hadrian's Gate - Three Arches

Hadrian's Gate, a magnificent structure

with three arches adhering to the castle walls, in the south of Atatürk Street in Antalya, is considered as the most beautiful gate of Pamphylia.  Those who encounter the magnificent structure of Hadrian's Gate, one of the many gates of the old city of Antalya within the city walls, should have guessed very well that the city they will see after passing through the walls was at least as beautiful, well-kept and rich as this magnificent and magnificent structure.  In the recent past, the increasing uncontrolled structuring in the city caused the existence of illegal, non-infrastructure structures in the settlements defined as the subculture people's region created and named as suburbs.  The Hadrian's Gate, which is close to this uncontrolled structuring area and has found a new name for itself as "Three Doors", has become one of the many doors opening to the suburbs of Antalya Castle.  Thus, Üç Kapıla, became a transition point that separates the inner part of the castle and the area outside the "castle" from each other, and on the other hand, it was the transition point of an organization that could not fit into the citadel on the one hand and was relocated outside the castle.

 

 The Hadrian's Gate in the east of the city is the largest of these and the best preserved structure that has survived until today and is a famous building over time.  As the people of Antalya frequently pass through these three arched places because the building consists of three arches and is on their route within the city, they will naturally call it "Three Doors", not the "Hadrian's Gate".

 In the restoration work carried out in the 1960s, the pyramid columns were removed. In the restoration work carried out in the 1960s, marble columns in Corinthian order were placed instead of the pyramid columns.

 Hardian Gate M.S.  It is a Hadrian period work built for Hadrian, one of the Roman Emperors who visited the city in 130.  The door has a Latin inscription.  Of the marble columns decorated in the Corinthian style and the statues of the emperor and his family on the door, only inscriptions have survived to this day.  In the 1960's, the historical gate was reconsidered.  Marble Corinthian columns and Corinthian capitals were placed instead of the pyramidal columns extending to the cornices on the side of the front three doors that appeared before 1960.

 These types of structures are called "Jewelry of Triumph" in their era.  The understanding of the building, which was built in the name of the commanders and emperors who gained victory in ancient Rome and which has one or three-eyed passages covered with vaulted arches, has spread over time and has emerged as a "triumphal arch" in many parts of the world.  It is not difficult to understand that many buildings such as the Istanbul University, Topkapı Palace, Dolmabahçe Palace, and the famous "Triumphal Arch" in France, with examples from our own country, were built with inspiration from the Roman period architecture and decoration.

 

 In the introduction letter in front of the door;  “It is the only gate that has survived from the gates on the walls surrounding the old city of Antalya and its harbor.  Roman Emperor Hadrian's M.S.  It was made in memory of his visit to Antalya in 130.  With its three-eyed entrance rising on four legs and its double-faced architecture decorated with columns, it looks like a Roman Honor Arch.  There were probably statues of the emperor and their families on the Tak.  However, no of them have survived.  There are two high towers of different structures on both sides of the gate.  The one on the front left is original and belongs to the Roman period.  According to the inscription on the right, it was built by the Selcuk Sultan I. Alaaddin Keykubat.  The gate was restored in 1959. "  It is called.  As can be seen from the historical documents, the towers on both sides of the arch were not built at the same time.  The tower in the south is known as "Julia Sancta", a work of Hadrian.  The lower part of the northern one (right) belongs to antiquity, while the upper part belongs to the Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Keykubat period, M.S.  It was rebuilt in the first half of the 13th century, and it was noted that the tower was rebuilt by Alaaddin with the old Ottoman language.  The understanding of Seljuk Sultan, who gave importance to architecture and then shaped the social life by giving life to Anatolia with caravansaries, bridges, inns and baths, valuing a Roman period artifact and protecting and rebuilding the ruins of a destroyed tower.  It is admirable.  This historical event is an important result for us and their understanding of the history of the future and especially the Seljuk Sultans.  For this reason, I cannot go without saying that there is a huge gap between the Seljuks and the Ottomans in terms of architecture, understanding and history, and unfortunately, the Ottoman understanding, which does not care about the history as much as the Seljuks, unfortunately left a very effective perspective and attitude on today's perception.

 The three arches of Hadrian's Gate, a typical Roman triumphal arch, are the same size - 4.15 meters wide and 6.18 meters high, measuring to the top of the arc.  The entire structure has a height of more than 8 meters from the ancient pavement to the top of the entablature.

 Both the front and back of the door are decorated by facades of four columns each.  The monument is made of white marble, with the exception of the granite column shafts.  The capitals of the pillars are in composite order, that is, they connect the folds of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.

 

 The colonial tops on either side of the gate are 1.28 meters high and consist of an architrave, a low frieze decorated with floral motifs and a cornice.  The rich decoration of the cornice represents the heads of lions, among others.  The barrel vaults on the arches are decorated with floral motifs and rosettes, each with a different decoration.  It is claimed that these reliefs on the ceilings of the Victory Arch are decorated with reliefs of flowers and fruit flowers grown in Antalya.  There are 66 cassettes in each belt;  The reliefs of 198 separate flowers and fruit flowers grown in Antalya are depicted on marble stone.  Although the missing parts were completed during the restoration made to restore the first appearance of the gate, which was destroyed in time, in 1961-1962, flower motifs were left unprocessed in these parts.

 Evliya Çelebi's Travel Book says the following about the gates of Antalya Castle.  "Sentence people need this door.  The other three gates operate on the port side.  From the big port gate, you can go down to the harbor with forty stone steps.  It is a south facing door.  The Plain Gate of the harbor faces east.  They depicted a Frankish dervish (belonging to foreigners) on the white marble of this door.  Three lines are written in Greek at the head of this description.  … Customs Gate is close to this.  It is a very small door.  And it looks south.  And the Customs office is inside this door.  And the four gates are provincial fortress gates, which are big gates.  Apart from these four gates, there are 22 more small gates in the neighborhoods separated by the city walls. "

 Hadrian's Gate was discovered for the Western world in 1817 by Francis Beaufort, who published a diary of his trip along the southern coast of Asia Minor.  Beaufort's white paper contains information about a higher door level.  However, in the 19th century, other European visitors to Antalya must have been destroyed, as Charles Texier (in the 30s of the 19th century) and Lanckoronski could no longer explain their exact appearance.

 The preservation of Hadrian's Gate at the end of the century described the Polish explorer Karol Lanckoronski with the following words: Today, as its interior envelops it, it was buried only a few meters deep and could be seen from the outside.  Thanks to the special conditions of the monument, it has been relatively well preserved, that is, a wall covering its exterior has been blocked for a long time and the gap between it was made until a few years ago.  We owe the same researcher and a German and Austrian architect and archaeologist George Niemann with a precise explanation of the entire visible structure, accurate drawings and plans.

 Unbelievable though, the complete renovation of Hadrian's Gate took place in the 50s of the 20th century, 60 years after Lanckoronski's visit.  The fact that he is still visiting Antalya and being one of the places where almost every tourist wants to take a souvenir photo is an award that can be given to him in the face of how hard this historical place has come so far.

 Over time, the city walls closed the outside of the door and the door was not used for many years throughout history.  Probably the fortification surrounding the city passed in front of the Three Gates, and at one end of the old city, which we call Kaleiçi today, perhaps not going outside, even if one does, it guided a passage that opens out of the castle without the size of "three" arches.

 Perhaps this is one reason why the work has survived until today without being destroyed.  The gate was unearthed after the ruins of the city wall were demolished.  There are three dome-shaped openings on the upper part.  It is made entirely of white marble except for the columns.  Carved and relief decorations bear all the characteristics of the period.  There is information that the origin of the door is twofold.  Alıntı & Kaynak & Fotoğraflar

• Akurgal, Ekrem, Eski Medeniyetler ve Türkiye Kalıntıları, İstanbul 2011.
• Beaufort, Francis, Karamanya, Ya da, Asya-Küçük Güney Sahillerinin ve Antik Kalıntıların Kısa Açıklaması, Londra, 1817
• Lanckoroński, Karol, Pamphylia ve Pisidia şehirleri. Pamphylia, Viyana, 1890

MINIATURE ART

MINIATURE ART

   Briefly, miniature art is the name given to very small or finely processed painting arts.  In the Middle Ages, the initials in books were painted with a red paint and lead oxide was used, which gave a very attractive paint color.  This name used to be the minimum.  It changed over time and took the word miniature.  Miniature is known as a style of painting known for a long time.  The art of miniature, which has been known in the east or west or long ago, does not differ in terms of the way it is made, but it differs in its subjects.  The world's oldest miniatures have been found in Egypt.  The miniatures made on papyrus in the 2nd century BC are the oldest miniatures and they are still fanatical today despite time.

   To become a miniature artist, it is necessary to have a certain knowledge.  Along with this knowledge, experience is also very important.  Thanks to the experience gained alongside important miniaturists, basic skills can be learned and worked on over time.  In addition, when you examine enough examples from the internet and magazines and work on them again, it will be inevitable that you are not a master, but an artist who performs miniature art.

   Miniature is the name given to very finely processed, symbolist approach, very small sized paintings and the art in which these pictures were produced.  In our country, miniature art is called "embroidery" and the one who makes it is called "nakkaş".

   Miniature is kept small as it is made for illustrating books.  In addition, the surroundings of the miniatures are decorated with an ornament called illumination.  A paint similar to watercolor was used in miniature.  Thin brushes made from kittens' hairs called "feather pencils" were used to draw lines and to process fine details.

   There is no depth, perspective, light and shadow in miniature.  Bright and vivid colors are among its most important features.

 1- NAKKAŞ NIGARİ (1494 - 1572)

   His real name is Haydar Reis.  Making miniatures of famous people has a great role in being very successful in portrait miniature.  He is very successful in likening the faces of the people he draws to their originals.  II.  He made miniatures of Selim, Yavuz Sultan Selim, Suleiman the Magnificent, Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha.  In this miniature, II.  He drew Selim (Yellow).  He drew Selim with a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand, the gunman behind him with a carnation in his right hand and a few arrows in his left hand.  The left arm of the caftan is out and the right arm is worn, it must be to lighten the weight while shooting an arrow.

 2-NAKKAŞ SİNAN BEY

  He is one of the miniature artists who lived in the 15th century.  It was sent to Italy by Fatih Sultan Mehmet.  Naturally, he was influenced by Italian and Renaissance painting.  In this miniature, he depicted Fatih Sultan Mehmet.  It depicted the Conqueror sniffing roses.  The rose symbolizes the Prophet Muhammad and therefore Islam.  He depicted the Conqueror in a magnificent way.  The resemblance of Bellini with the portrait of the Conqueror is striking.

 3-NAKKAŞ OSMAN BEY

   It is the Basnakkai of the Ottoman Palace after the 16th century.  He is the Prime Minister in Orhan Pamuk's novel My Name Is Red.  Of course, some of the events in the novel are fictional.  It draws attention to the smallest details in Ottoman miniatures.  It focuses on historical facts rather than imaginary scenes.  This miniature tells about the architects guild.  In the Ottoman Empire, architects worked on models, not on painting.  He tried to reflect the emotions of architects working on a mosque model with hand and arm movements.

 4-SEYYİD LOKMAN

 Seyyid Lokman served the palace for 26-27 years.  The most important of his works are:

 Surname-i Humayun: III.  It tells about the circumcision of Prince Mehmet, son of Murat.

 Hünername: Describes the events of the legal period.  He worked with Nakkaş Osman.

 Şehinşahname: III.  Tells the events of the Murat period.

 According to the archives, it has a team of about 126 people.  He also worked with Nakkaş Osman.

 In this miniature, the body of Prince Mustafa is displayed in a tent in front of the tent.  At the foot of the prince, the imrahoru and the corpses of the alemdar are seen.  Kanuni is sitting in his seat.  The executioners are also standing against.

 5-LEVNI (1680 - 1732) 

  II.  Mustafa and III.  He worked as a prime minister during the Ahmet period.  His real name is Abdülcelil Çelebi.  Levni's nickname comes from the Persian word "levn" which means color and paint and means dealing with colors.  The importance he attaches to perspective in his paintings and to reflecting the personality traits of the people he depicts, the harmony of color and composition in the painting is an important innovation for Ottoman miniature.  In his miniature, he turned the subjects into the realm of life and pleasure.

 In this miniature, he drew the 17th century Ottoman ideal of women.  It's so real you can see the woman's dress move gracefully.

 6-MATRAKÇI NASUH (1480 - 1564)

   His real name is Nasuh Bin Karagöz El-Bosnavi.  Maybe his discovery of the funny game played with sticks resembling clubs, his nickname, maybe because he played well.  II.  He was educated in Enderun in the last period of Bayezid.  He gave works in the period of Yavuz Sultan Selim and Kanuni Sultan Süleyman.  His drawings are defined as masterpieces today, because they contain both aesthetic and detailed information about the past.

   This miniature is a miniature taken from Nüzhetü Esrâri'l- Ahbar Der-sef-i Sigetvar, which is the last work of Matrakçı Nasuh.  King of Hungary John Sigismund is seen in the otağ-ı hümayun of Suleiman the Magnificent.  Matrakçı Nasuh created the topographic depiction.  No human figures are encountered in Nasuh's topographical depictions, but the place, vegetation, animals living here, buildings and squares are shown in detail and take part in their integrity.

MINOS PAINTING ART

MINOS PAINTING ART

 B.C.  From the late 3000 BC.  The Minoan Civilization, which lasted until the end of 2000 and is generally called Aegean or Pre-Hellenic, lived its golden age in 2000 BC with the palaces built in places such as Knossos, Phaistos, Malia and Zakros.  There is no monumental sculpture in Minoan Crete.  Even the gods were often made in small sizes, finely carved from ivory.

 Cretan art is the art of painting and polychrome decoration.  B.C.  Around 2000, natural plant stylizations, whose technical secret is still unknown and attracting attention with their changing color qualities, are seen in home decorations.  B.C.  While geometric stylization decreases in the multi-colored decorations of the characteristic 'Camares vases' of the 19th century, plant decorations and marine animals begin to come to the fore. Gritian artists showed great skill and skill in the color schemes dominated by red, orange, yellow and white.  B.C.  When we come to the 18th century, wall frescoes gain weight, but we see that the Cretan palaces where these frescoes cover the walls are still burned for unknown reasons.  B.C.  In the 17th century, Cretan palaces were rebuilt.  The excavations reveal that the palaces passed through two different periods.  The event that separates these two periods from each other is BC.  It is highly probable that there was an earthquake that occurred around 1700.  Findings and finds from the ruins reveal that these palaces were decorated with a rich and striking decoration;  Wall paintings of the palace in Knossos, the capital of the Kingdom of Minos, which gave its name to the Cretan Civilization, are particularly striking.  This period is also because of the tight connections of Cretan civilization with Egypt, the Egyptian influence is seen on the frescoes adorning the walls: there is no shadow and perspective.  Again, the lighter body colors of women than men can be attributed to the Egyptian effect.  On the other hand, we must underline that such technical influences are limited and that the understanding of Cretan painting is completely different from that of Egypt.  The painting of Crete first of all adhered to its prototypes and gave a different task to the human depiction that cannot be measured with Egypt.  On the other hand, the effect of religious themes on Cretan wall paintings is controversial.  We can say that there are god depictions among the paintings.

 The sizes of the figures in the wall fresco technique in Cretan painting vary from normal human height to the size of miniatures on the book pages.  Exceptions are of course available;  For example, the height of the whole figure named "Prince with Lily" whose image I shared is close to two meters.  This figure also shows the Egyptian influences, which I mentioned above in technical terms.  One of the most striking features of Cretan painting is that the audience groups watching the shows in some of the wall paintings are chosen as themes.  Sometimes a large crowd watches dances and bull plays on amphitheater-shaped benches.

 Some of the Cretan artists have shown extraordinary success in showing all the details, as well as showing all the details: The female figure, whose image I shared and called "Parisienne" because of its resemblance to the women of the artist Toulouse Lautrec, is one of the best examples of this.  The description is a unique example of the creativity of Minoan artists, with its beauty, upturned nose, big eyes and curls.  When we examine the work created with an impressionist approach, we understand why the Cretan art preferred painting to sculpture that freezes the figure.  Movement sensitivity and expressiveness are decisive in Cretan painting.  The fact that Cretan masters depicted a monkey figure in blue by going beyond reality is a good example for our understanding of the way they look at the world, as well as their desire to express the environment in an attractive and enthusiastic way.

 Thank you for your time and reading.  I hope it was useful.

 Stay with art.

THE FORMATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM ACCORDING TO SUMER.

THE FORMATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM ACCORDING TO SUMER

 From the moment of the primitive formation of our solar system, what happened according to Sumer was developing as follows.

 APSU (GUN) "existed from the beginning"

 TIAMAT (Primal WORLD) "daughter of life" (Virgin Mother)

 MUMMU (MERKÜR) is the reliable assistant and ambassador of "born" Apsu.

 The space between Apsu and Tiamat is not empty, but filled with the primal elements, and the waters of both are mixed together and Lahmu (Mars) and Lahamu (Venus) are born.  Then the other planets respectively.

 TIAMAT (Primary Earth) enters the domain of the Great Comet (Marduk- “Ice Mountain”) and collides with its moons.

 After this collision, the meteor chain called the Hammered Bracelet (separating the waters of the heavens, limiting the heavens and the Earth) forms a border between KI (Earth) and KINGU (Moon), which started to rotate in today's orbits, and the other planets on Mars.

 According to scientists, the Pacific Ocean is seen as the deepest trace of this collision on earth.  It is stated that the transformation of the moon into a devastated planet can also occur with this collision (Scientists state that the Moon has suffered violent collisions of many celestial bodies).

 With this collision, the earth and the moon sit on their new orbits they now have.  The world now has an orbit with day and night.  As the earth's temperature decreases, the vapors turn into water and the earth is divided into lands and oceans.  Evolution, which is accepted today, has begun to take shape on the earth, and primitive living things begin to emerge on the earth.

 The creation story reported in the Torah and the Gospel takes place in the same way ... all the things that are different in the Torah are attributed to the Lord.

 SUMER CREATION TABLETS

 **** ENUMA ELİŞ ****

 ENUMA ELİŞ (Creation)

 It is a total of seven tablets.

 Each tablet conveys the stages of creation.  In the last tablet, creation has been completed and a beautiful celestial system has emerged.  (God is taken to rest)

 According to the Torah, the Bible and the Quran, God completes creation in six days.  The seventh day rest.

 SUMER GOD AND THE GODS

 AN (ANU) (Memory, Wisdom, Us) 60

 ANTU (Feminine synonym) 55

 50 ENLİL 45 NİNLİL

 40 ENKI 35 NINKI

 30 NANNA / SİN 25 NINGAL

 20 UTU / ŞAMAŞ 15 İNANNA / İŞTAR

 10 İŞKUR / ADAD 5 NİNHURSAG

 SUMER GOD AND THE GODDESSES

 There are six masculine and six feminine deities.  In addition to these great Gods, their children, grandchildren, nephews, cousins, etc. There are also hundreds of Gods assigned to general duties.

 These are generally called ANUN-NAKI (Those Who Descend from Heaven to Earth).

 Only 12 Gods make up the great group of Gods.

 CREATION FOR SUMER TABLETS

 THE CREATION OF HUMAN

 It is stated to be a primitive humanoid creature on earth.  It is stated that this primitive man lived with animals, ate grass and meat like them, drank water like them, could not speak and think with his body covered with hair, could mate with whatever he wanted like animals, did not know the good and the bad, and did not understand the beautiful and the ugly.

 (The story of the development of Enkidu reported in the Tablets of Creation and the Gilgamesh epic) Then the Anunnaki come to earth.  The work they have to do on earth is difficult for them.  They worked alone for a long time, then asked the great God to create an Amelu (Primitive Worker) to help them.

 The Great God decided that this wish and complaints were justified, and he entrusted the great science master ENKI to create a deed.  ENKI says "the creature in question exists on earth."  He replies, "Let us place the image of the Gods on this crude humanoid creature that already exists, so AMELU, which we seek, is born."

 ENKI creates a living thing from the blood of the Gods and the present creature after long years of effort.  His beloved spouse Ninki carries the first created exactly 10 months anniversary.  And finally the expected day comes ADEPU (Lu Amelu) (Son of Workers) (meaning the one of red clay or blood) is born.

 THE GODS CELEBRATE WITH A GREAT Feast, THIS HAPPY DAY.

 EA (ENKI) and Ninhursag or NINT in Dokku (Woven / Tissue) rooms

 (Nurse, Creator assistant, Life-giving Lady, Physician-Lady of the Rib Bone) and Gods and Goddesses (Specialization in Medicine) responsible for eight separate organs could now produce a large number of deeds.  Each time the Gods / Goddesses were able to produce seven females and seven males in DOKKU chambers.

 This creature was devoid of knowing, working naked in the garden of Eden to see the works of the Gods.  The most important of these was not breeding.

 After a while in the garden of Eden (we do not know the real reasons because of the broken tablets) there is a very serious conflict between the gods.  Enlil and Enki blame each other.  The angry Enki creates what is now completely one of the Gods, not only in his image who resembles God, but is identical with God this time with his knowledge.  HUMAN..

 He resembled the HUMAN Gods in everything.  And An / u (Great God) "Now you have created what is like yourself, the one who knows all kinds of good and evil like you". He will give birth through suffering now ..

 CREATION

 Although the creation story of the Torah, the Bible and the Quran has been corrupted in some places, they are almost all the same.  The great scientist and wise physician Enki was identified with his work and actions (also because of its resemblance to the structure of DNA, which is his field of occupation), always the serpent (Bible: Nahash = snake Sumer: NHSH = snake / deciphering, seeking and finding.  ) with the figure ..

 When the created Adam and Eve learned to know, they were expelled from Eden by Enlil and placed in the east of Eden. Then they had many children.

 Gods and Goddesses liked and loved the earth sons and daughters (Ki-Engi) who were like them. When they started having sexual relations…. !! ..

 The greatest God or supreme deity (AN) shouted "Enough!"

 “My soul will not protect man forever;  He made a mistake because he is flesh. "

 Because human beings were returning to their animal roots.

 THE GREAT DISASTER "TUFAN"

 Now there was confusion and these people were making a lot of noise and disturbing the peace of the God / player.  In fact, the end of the last ice age, which was the inevitable catastrophe, was the opportunity for this. People were unaware and they would all disappear into the water.

 Enki would not have informed the pure and clean Zi-Usu-Dra (when read with Turkish phonetics; Izi Su Tengri) to create a new generation after the wall (reeds) and let him build a ship.

 The flood destroyed everything on the ground. The gods were watching what was happening far from the earth ..

 A tablet tells them.

 "The gods were frightened like dogs, leaning against the outer wall and crouching. Inanna shouting like a woman in labor," Alas the old days turned to clay. The Anunnaki and all the Gods cried with her .. "

 After the flood was over, Noah (Zi Usu Dra) sacrificed sacrifices for God / the player. The smell of the cooked meat aroused the appetite of God / chaos.

 And the Lord (Genesis) "I will no longer curse the earth because of man, because the imagination of man has been bad since he was young."

Who are these Olympians?

Who are these Olympians?

 The dispute between Zeus and Kronos shook the Earth and the heavens.  After the war was won, a new generation took over the administration: the Olympians.  These are gods and goddesses known for their heroism throughout classical mythology.  The reign of the Olympians brought balance and stability to the universe, and their rule was far from boring.  These gods and goddesses had strong personalities and were governed by strong emotions.  Now you will meet the mighty Olympians.

 Main Six Olympians

 After Kronos was defeated by his own children, he lost his strength.  With the defeat of Kronos, the conflict within the family ended.  The children of Kronos united and shared their kingdom among them.  However, they needed a leader and unanimously elected Zeus.  In the following titles you will get to know the six main Olympian gods and goddesses.

 Brothers

 (Zeus)

 Zeus drew the heavens in the draw, which made him the lord of both the gods and the sky.  Depictions of Zeus show him wearing a helmet, holding one of his lightning bolts, and protected by aegis (chest armor or shield).  He usually has an eagle as his servant, symbolizing his power.

 After the fall of Kronos, his three sons - Zeus, Poseidon and Hades, divided their domains into three.  They made lots for this.  The three shared domains of domination were the heavens, seas, and the realm of the dead.  (Mount Olympus would remain the land of all gods, no gods would rule here.)

 (Poseidon)

 Poseidon drew the seas as his domain of domination.  In myths, Poseidon appears as a cruel god, often associated with savage sea storms and earthquakes.  In his depictions, he is seen as tall, with a long beard, holding the trident spear made by the Kyklops in the war against Kronos.  He is also portrayed with seashells and various sea creatures.  Poseidon was also associated with horses;  Ancient people dreamed that there were rearing horses in strong waves beating the shore.

 According to some myths, Poseidon created or tamed the horses.  It was said that he gave horses as a gift to those whom he considered privileged, and that the magnificent chariot was pulled by horses or giant creatures like horses.

 (Hades)

 The third brother, Hades, drew the Underworld, the realm of the dead, from the draw.  Just as the Greek Underworld was not the same as the Christian concept of hell, nor was Hades evil or demonic.  In Greek mythology, Hades appears as a character who loves solitude and is not interested in the world of the living.  In his depictions, he usually holds a key indicating the position of the god that holds the dead locked in a place separate from the world of the living.  Like Poseidon, Hades has been associated with horses;  some myths say that the horses were created not by Poseidon, but by Hades.

 Sisters

 Zeus' sisters did not participate in the lottery, but they also had their own power.  The lands ruled by Hera, Hestia, and Demeter were indispensable to an ordered universe.

 (Hera)

 Hera was the eldest of the Greek goddesses.  As Zeus' sister and wife, she was also the queen of the heavens.  Hera, who was jealous and vengeful, had a quick temper and a frightening ambition.  She was the guardian of spouses, advocate of marriage and goddess of birth.  His depictions emphasized his royal stature: he looked tall and majestic, and carried a royal scepter in his hand.  The bird accompanying him was a peacock.

 (Hestia)

 Hestia, the goddess of the family hearth and home, does not appear in many of the myths that have survived until today.  However, in Antiquity, every household is thought to have considered it sacred and worshiped it.  Hestia was associated with virginity.

 (Demeter)

 Demeter's name means "Mother Earth".  However, it should not be confused with Gaia.  Gaia was the land itself.  Demeter, his grandson, had control over land crops, fertility and agriculture.  Demeter loved being close to the land.  Although his sister Hestia never left Mount Olympus, Demeter rarely stayed there and spent most of his time on Earth, above the ground.  Demeter is usually depicted sitting, and in his depictions he holds a torch or a bundle of crops.  Its bird is a crane and its animal is a snake.

 Other Olympians

 The original Olympians were these six gods and goddesses, but they were only half the story.  There were twelve great Olympians in total, each playing an important role in keeping the order of the universe.  In this section, you will get to know the other six.

 (Ares)

 Ares, the god of war, lived to fight and shed blood, and he greatly enjoyed the struggle of people with each other.  Ares is mentioned in many poems and myths.  He was worshiped in Sparta, especially before every war.  Depictions of Ares show him wearing an armor and a helmet and carrying a spear, sword and shield in his hand.  The animals it has been identified with are dogs and vulture.  Although Ares was the god of war, he was not always victorious.  In fact, he had been defeated in many battles throughout the myths.

 (Athena)

 Athena, the goddess of wisdom, was equally revered by mortals and immortals.  He was also the goddess of war, crafts, and talent.  However, unlike Ares, Athena was not bloodthirsty.  He would have preferred peace over war.  Still, he proved to be a unique strategist who dominated the battlefield every time he went into battle.  Athena is often depicted wearing armor, a helmet, and aegis.  He carries a spear and a shield in his hand.  He is identified with the owl, the symbol of wisdom, and is often depicted with an owl on his shoulder.

 What is an Aegis?

 It is said that the aegis, the shield or breastplate of Athena, was built by Hephaistos, the iron master of Mount Olympus.  Hephaistos added the severed head of the Gorgon Medusa to the aegis.  Because Medusa's frightening gaze turns people into stone, aegis has become an effective weapon that paralyzes enemies out of fear.  The word Aegis has also entered modern-day English;  Means "protection" or "support".

 (Artemis)

 Since Artemis was the goddess of the hunt, she did not show much interest in anything other than the thrill of following the hunt.  He roamed the mountains with a Nympha gang and hunted animals (and sometimes men).  Although hunting was his primary business, Artemis was also the guardian of children, wild animals and the weak.  According to legend, his arrows could kill in an instant, without causing pain.  Still, you wouldn't want to see its reverse.  From time to time, Artemis could also be a goddess of hatred and revenge.

 In his depictions, Artemis is often depicted carrying his favorite weapon: the arrow and the bow.  Some myths depict her as a girl - a virgin of infinite youth - who is as wild as the animals she both hunted and protected.  Since all wild animals fall under his dominion, he is not specifically identified with a single animal, but is often depicted with a male deer or a hunting dog.

 Twin Brothers

 If Hera had achieved her goal, Artemis and her brother Apollo would never have been born.  When Zeus had a love affair with Leto, Hera was determined to do her best to prevent a child born from this union.  However, Leto managed to escape from Artemis and gave birth, first giving birth to Artemis.  The newborn Artemis helped her mother, who had intense labor pain for nine days, as a result of which Apollo was born.  Artemis and Apollo became her fiery protectors, as their mother suffered so much for them.

 (Apollo)

 Apollo, the twin brother of Artemis, is the god of archery, music and poetry.  While his sister lives solely for hunting, Apollo is a god whose hand is good at anything and enjoys many different things.  While he is a shepherd who sometimes keeps sheep or cows;  sometimes it can be a very talented musician.  Apollo is also an important god in matters of priesthood and treatment.  It has the ability to both make sick and heal.

 Since Apollo was involved in many arts, there is not a single depiction.  You can see him play his lyre, shoot arrows, or ride a chariot.  Nevertheless, the only thing common to all depictions of Apollo is his extraordinary beauty, considered to be flawless.  Apollo is associated with many different animals - wolf, deer, dolphin, crow, vulture and swan - and the laurel tree.

 (Hermes)

 Hermes was the god of commerce, travel and sports.  He would bring luck to people, guide travelers and merchants, and act as a protector against thieves and scammers.  Hermes, renowned for his agility and athleticism, was an extremely active god.  He was one of the few gods who could enter and leave the Underground.  However, probably his most familiar task is as a messenger for the gods.

 Hermes is often depicted wearing a winged hat and winged sandals, representing his quickness (which is a good attribute for a messenger).  Sometimes he is seen carrying a golden ambassador staff or a staff with two snake heads.  Hermes was a trickster who could be damaging, but he also had a good heart.

 (Aphrodite)

 Almost everyone has heard of the name Aphrodite, the goddess of love.  (You may also know him by the name Venus, which was given by the Romans.) In some myths, Aphrodite is presented as a strange, even slightly absurd character;  in some he is portrayed as a generous and benevolent goddess who is as revered as the other Olympians.  Regardless of his character, Aphrodite has always been lustful.

 Aphrodite was beautiful, with a sweet and seductive smile.  In myths about him, there are almost always love affairs;  either he is having a love adventure or he is involved in the adventures of others.  Aphrodite was identified with dove, and its plants were rose and myrtle.

 (Hephaestus)

 Hephaistos was Aphrodite's husband.  You might think that the goddess of love was married to a handsome and attractive man.  However, this was not the case with the Olympians.  In fact, Hephaistos, the sons of Zeus and Hera, was expelled from heaven as soon as he was born due to his ugliness and injuries.  Hephaistos, the god of fire, blacksmithing, craftsmanship and metalworking, built magnificent palaces for gods and goddesses, and made armor to those they saw privileged.  Because he was a talented craftsman, there seemed to be nothing he could not build.  Hephaistos was associated with volcanoes that were considered to have workshops.

 According to some myths, Hephaistos was born healthy, without any injury.  Hephaistos took the side of Hera in a dispute with Zeus.  Enraged, Zeus threw him down from the heavens.  Hephaestus fell for nine days, eventually landing on an island.  This not so smooth fall crippled him.

 (Dionysos)

 Dionysos was the god of the vines, wine and drunk spirits.  While most Olympians despised mortals, Dionysos was in direct contact with his mortal followers.  His religious festivals often turned into ecstatic rites.  The greatest gift of Dionysus to humanity was wine, which alleviated human suffering for a while.  As all gods could be, Dionysus could sometimes be cruel.  Dionysus is often identified with vineyards, dance, music, wine, madness and sexuality

 While there should have been a total of twelve great Olympians, you may have noticed that fourteen of them are described in this chapter.  No, you did not count it wrong.  It is said that Dionysos replaced Hestia, who disappeared from mythology over time.  Another god that is often excluded from the count is Hades.  His land was the Underground, he rarely visited Mount Olympus.  For this reason, he is not considered one of the great Olympian gods.

 References:

 * Dr.  Nancy Conner - Classical Mythology in Every Aspect - Olympians.

Library of Alexandria

library of Alexandria 

 Science lantern of antiquity

 ancient-cagin science-lantern

 Library, Alexander the Great BC.  It was founded in 332 in the city of Alexandria in Egypt.  After the death of Alexander the Great, it was founded by Ptolemy, the son of Commander Logus, who did not like wars, and remained the world's largest archive for 300 years.  Ptolemy, who declared his kingdom in Egypt, never had the goal of expanding the borders of the country.  He won the love of the people by adhering to Egyptian traditions and religions.

 2,300 years ago, the rulers of Alexandria set out with one of humanity's most daring goals;  to gather all the information in the world under one roof.  At its heyday, the library of Alexandria had unique scrolls and attracted the attention of the most successful of the Greek realm.  But, BC.  At the end of the 5th century, this large library was destroyed.  Most people believed the library was destroyed in a devastating fire.  The facts behind the rise and fall of the library are more complex.

 The idea of ​​such a library originated from Alexander the Great.  After being known as "the Conqueror", Aristotle's former student gave all his attention to Alexandria to establish an empire of knowledge in the city he named.  He died before its construction began, but his successor Ptolemy I realized the plans of Alexander the Great for the museum and the library.

 The Library of Alexandria, in the city's royal district, may have been built with massive Hellenistic columns, local Egyptian influences, or a unique combination of the two, but there is no surviving evidence of its architecture.  We know there are lecture theaters, classrooms, and of course racks.  As soon as the building was completed, Ptolemy I began to fill the building primarily with Greek and Egyptian scrolls.  He invited scholars to work and live in Alexandria and the library began to grow with their manuscripts, but the Alexandrian rulers still wanted a copy of every book in the world.

 Fortunately, Alexandria was a hub for ships passing through the Mediterranean.  III.  Ptolemy enacted a law requiring every ship anchored in Alexandria to turn over their books for copying.  After the library's scribes copied the texts, they took the original texts and sent the copies back to the ships.  Held-for-money book hunters scoured the entire Mediterranean for new texts, and the Alexandrian rulers tried to suppress their rivals by ending the export of Egyptian papyrus used for parchment-making.

 These efforts resulted in hundreds of thousands of books to arrive in Alexandria.  As the library grew, it became easier to find information on many topics than before, but also harder to find information on any topic.  Fortunately, Callimachus of Kiren began working on a solution by preparing 120-volume boards, the first of its kind, showing the contents of the library.

 Using the billboards, people could navigate through the library's crowded collection.  They made some surprising discoveries.  1600 years before Christopher Columbus set sail, Eratosthenes not only noticed that the earth was round, but calculated the circumference and diameter of the earth within a few miles of its true size.  Heron of Alexandria invented the world's first steam engine a thousand years before it was reinvented during the Industrial Revolution.  B.C.  About 300 years after its foundation in 283, the library prospered.

 But then, BC.  In 48, Julius Caesar besieged Alexandria and set the ships in the harbor on fire.  For years, scholars believed that the library burned as the fire spread throughout the city, and it is possible that the expanding collection was destroyed in the fire, but we know from ancient writings that scholars continued to visit the library centuries after the siege.  Ultimately, the library slowly disappeared as the city fell from Greeks to Romans, Christians, and eventually Muslims.  Instead of being proud of the library's content, every new manager who came to the top saw it as a threat.  B.C.  In 415, Christian rulers murdered a mathematician named Hypatia because they deemed the study of Ancient Greek texts unreligious.

 Even if the Library of Alexandria and its numerous texts are long gone, we are still struggling to find the best way to gather, access, and preserve our knowledge.  Today there is more information available and we have more advanced technologies to protect it, but we cannot know for sure that our digital archives will be more resistant to destruction than Alexandria's ink and paper scrolls.  Even if our reservoirs of knowledge are physically safe, they will have to be more resistant to insidious forces such as the fear of information and the arrogant belief that the past is the past that divides a library.  This time the difference is that we know what to prepare for.

TEVRAT AND HITTITE LAWS THAT PENALIZE THE LINES / ZOOFIL / RAPE / ENSEST IN THE QURAN.

TEVRAT AND HITTITE LAWS THAT PENALIZE THE LINES / ZOOFIL / RAPE / ENSEST IN THE QURAN

 The first written law in Anatolia BC.  It is known that it belongs to the Hittites who lived in Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC.  The Hittite laws were inscribed on clay tablets, not on an inscription like the Hammurabi laws.  Consisting of two large series, these laws begin with the words "If a man" and "If binds".

 These tablets, which were later numbered by scientists, consist of 200 items as far as we know.  Hittite Law is not divided into sections such as inheritance, commercial law, civil law, criminal law, as in modern law.  Although there are no articles on inheritance, adoption and debt law, there are articles containing family law in the uncovered tablets.

 Death penalties in Hittite laws where compensation was valid instead of the principle of retaliation (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth);  It is given in rare cases, such as defying the king's order, sexual crimes, and using magic.  However, the king can forgive a person sentenced to death.  The Hittite laws, which imposed compensation even for murder crimes, do not recognize any punishment other than death for sexual crimes.  The abundance of articles related to sexual crimes also reveals the importance the Hittites gave to the protection of moral values.

 There are quite a few death sentences in the text of the law, which consists of approximately 200 articles, and this has often been the case for crimes such as rape, incest, sexual intercourse with animals, and opposition to the state authority.

 The last part of the Hittite constitution is devoted to sexual relations.

 According to the law 187, "a man who sinned with a cow is disgusting. Must be killed. Must be brought before the king. The king may kill or forgive him, but the man must not approach the king."

 .  Law 188 is the same, but it is "sheep", not "cow".

 * 199th law is the same, but it is "pig and dog".

 200th law: "There is no punishment for a man who sinned with a horse or a mule. But he must not approach the king and become a priest."

   The society we know as Hittites today is the Nessi who settled in Anatolia after the Hatti.  Because before the Hittites settled in Anatolia, the people living in central Anatolia called themselves Hatti.  The Hatti society was a stable society in ANATOLIA, which was allegedly 'not able to be resolved in its language' although it is known that many of the basic words were Turkish, developed in the field of agriculture and especially medicine, medical researches etc. conducted for older women to have children, and developed in terms of civilization level.  Although the administration changed hands in the following periods, religion and state administration remained dependent on the principles of the Hatti;  kings continued to call themselves the kings of HITIT, not HATTI country.

  Like the Indians, the ancient Egyptians also called the Hittites Chetta or Hetta, and the Hittite kings were called Hetta-sira.  The ancient Egyptian script was realized by Jean-Françoise Champollion in 1824 with the translation of the rosetta stone.  In the Kadesh treaty made between the Hittites and the ancient Egyptians, the Hittites are also referred to as Chedda.  (The same word, which is the root of the word CED (Ata), also corresponds to the term Akıncı in Serbs / the word 'gang' in some societies.)

 ** The Hittites were the least discriminatory nation in their period in terms of social class distinction and they were a state of law peculiar to them.  The Hittites would not return their asylum seekers to the other country.  However, there is an article in the KADEŞ agreement stating that they will return.

 *** They freed the people who took refuge in them about their beliefs in exchange for paying tribute or sending soldiers to the state.  City structures were built around the temple in the Hittites.  It is surrounded by inner and outer walls.  The city has at least a few main entrance gates and many small gates for pedestrians.  The main gates are decorated with lion or god reliefs.

 ** In the town of Beth Shan in Israel, a lion embossment of a Hittite stone belonging to 1700 BC was found.  The town of Beth Shan is located on the Jordan River in northern Israel.

 ** City gates had a very special meaning in the Hittites.  Only noble and respectable people could use the main gates.  In times of peace, these main gates were used like an agora (meeting place).  The council of elders gathers here, and commercial agreements are made here.  Information transactions were made here in front of the public.

      ** The name of the Hatti Society / country is also mentioned in the Torah and the Quran.  While the adventures of Ibrahim and his sister Sara with the Hittite / Hatti country and even Isaac and Rebecca's policy of marrying their sons to Hittite girls;  It is seen that Rebecca helped the administration to pass to YAKUP and not to the other son, and for some reason prevented her son from marrying Hittite girls.  On the other hand, Yakup's brother ESAU (İSA) took a position on the side of his uncle İSMAİL and enabled his lineage to advance from Hittite women.

 ** Torah Creation 23rd chapter: Abraham bowed before the Hittites, the people of the country, said Hıtta (shepherd or addressed the Hittites):

 8 He said, "If you want me to bury death, ask Efron son of Sohar for me."

 9 "Let him sell me the Makpela Cave at the bottom of his field. I will pay the price in full in your presence and make it a cemetery."

 10 Hittites were sitting among the people of Efron.  In a way that everyone gathered at the city gate will hear,

 11 "No, sir!"  he replied, "Listen to me, I give you the field with the cave. I give it to you in the presence of my people. Bury your dead."

 12 Abraham bowed before the people of the land.

 *** Quran Baccarat: 58.  Verse: You know, “Enter this town.  Eat there as much as you wish.  Enter prostrate from the door and say "hıtta!"  Say, and we forgive your mistakes.  We said, “We will give even more to those who do good”.

 *** It is mentioned in Elmalılı commentary as follows:

 58- And when we said that you can enter this town, the place of Bayt-i Makdis or the town of Jericho and eat plenty of it wherever you want or however you like.  And when you enter, enter through the door, also bowing your heads, and thank God, do not enter with arrogance, dribbling, and indolence, and say "hıtta" there, so that we will forgive you your mistakes under these circumstances, that is, let us cover your plagues with our mercy.  And let us also inform you that we will bestow more on those who do good, do good and good, and do well.

 * In the interpretation of Asam, it is said that "hıtta" is a word that must be spelled exactly, not in Arabic, and other commentators said that it is the bâ-i nev'î (masdar that declares variety) in Arabic.